催眠倫理(あるいは催眠の倫理学)
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催眠倫理、あるいは催眠の倫理学について。 催眠の誤解や誤用、あるいは敵視や蔑みはどこからやってくるのか? 催眠と社会(業界や学会を含む)の交わりと隔たりを考えてみる。 |
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……日 本催眠医学心理学会倫理綱領 第5条
……日 本臨床催眠学会倫理綱領 第5条
……ASCH(AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS)Code of Ethics 第6条
……ISH(International Society of Hypnosis) Code of Ethics Guideline 4
……日 本催眠医学心理学会倫理綱領 第5条
……日 本臨床催眠学会倫理綱領 第3条
……ASCH Code of Ethics Code of Ethics 第3条
……ISH Code of Ethics Guideline 2,3
これらの項目は、催眠関係学会に特有のものである。……日 本催眠医学心理学会倫理綱領 第5条
……日 本臨床催眠学会倫理綱領 第4条
……ASCH Code of Ethics 第2条
……ISH Code of Ethics Guideline 5
医学/心理学学会の倫理規定 |
催眠関係学会の倫理規定 |
|
娯楽使用の禁止 |
予期されていないために、明確な規定がない。 実際にはグレーゾーン(エンターテイメント性の強い健康番組。占いまがいのポップ心理学の横行など)。 |
予期されているために、明確な規定。 予期の内容は「催眠についての誤解や不当なイメイジをもたらしたのは、洋の東西を問わず催眠術興行師やアマチュア催眠術師たち と、その興味本位に誇張されたデモンストレイションや、彼らのいうモ催眠実験モだったとされている」(成瀬悟策『催眠面接法』p.381) |
専門領域に限定 |
他の専門資格を前提にしない 専門性は独自の資格、訓練に由来 |
あらかじめ医学、心理学の専門資格を有することを要求。 |
会員でないものへの 訓練教授の禁止 |
専門性は独自の資格、訓練によるため、正規の訓練過程と訓練過程への参加要件(受験など)があれば、問題
にならない。 |
あらかじめ医学、心理学の専門資格を有することを要求するため、それら専門資格を有しない者への訓練教授
が問題となる。 |
* American Psychological Association (1960), the American Medical Association (1958), and the British Medical Association (1955).
※「日本催眠医学心理学会」は2004年3月更新 のUMIN学会案内掲載情報というHPには「会員数 466名」とある(2005年9月更新で 477名)。「日本臨床催眠学会」については、今のところ手元に資料がない。一方、2003年時点で臨床心理士の数は10,083名(他に法人認定資格で 産業カウンセラーがやはり1万人くらい(未確認)、その他学会認定の資格は学会員に限られるため、その数から割り出すと、多い順から学校心理士(日本教育 心理学会4340人)、認定カウンセラー(日本カウンセリング学会2900人)、学校カウンセラー(日本学校教育相談学会2600人)等である。そして最 後に、医師の数は1998年時点で23万人を越えている。
1.
「知識の普及」が、何人かに対して催眠の実像を伝えることができたとしても、その何倍もの数の人々には正確に知識が伝わら ない可能性が大きい(知識の伝達は、受け手側の関心や信念に左右される部分が小さくない)。さらに、不特定多数に向けられた「知識の普及」では、知識を受 け取った者が誤った捉え方をしていたとしても、それを修正することはおろか、確かめることすら困難である。2.
「催眠についての情報の希少性」という捉え方については、二つの事実誤認があると思われる。3.
まず第一に、催眠についての情報は希少でもなければ、アクセスがとくに困難という訳でもない。催眠についての数多くの書籍が出版され、またインターネッ トに接続できる者ならば誰しも、催眠を英語でhypnosisと綴る知識さえあれば、検索エンジンなどを使って膨大な情報を集めることができる。印刷物や WWWといった媒体を使うことで、催眠に関する知識を文字情報として「普及させる」ことは難しいことではない。
第二に、今触れたような形の「知識の普及」が容易に拡大可能であることに対して、熟達した指導者との対面において催眠のトレーニングを行う機会を増やす ことは、ずっと難しい。「知識の普及」を図ることは、両者の量の格差を広げることでもある。対面による知識・技術の伝達が特権視されるのは、上記で触れた ような、知識を受け取った側の捉え方を逐一フィードバックでき、理解を確認し誤解を修正できるからであり、加えて伝達された技術・知識を相手がどのように 活用しようと考えているかについても確認し、場合によっては知識伝達自体をいつでも中止することが可能だからである。
「知識の普及」が、知識の善用にも悪用にも等しくオープンであるのに対して、対面による「知識の伝授」は、知識の悪用について、完全ではないにせよ、お およそ考えられる中では最善の対策となっている。
さらに、上記の議論の前提である「催眠についての情報・知識」が何を指しているかについても、再確認が必要である。
たとえば「催眠とは何であるか?」「催眠の状態になると、どのようなことを体験するか」「催眠に何ができて、何ができないか」といった情報と、「催眠導 入の方法」「催眠暗示のスクリプト(ことば)」といった情報では、少なくとも知識(情報)の悪用という一点にしぼっても大きな違いがある。前者は催眠につ いての誤解を正すことはできても、それらを悪用することはほとんど考えられない類の知識(情報)であるのに対して、後者は悪用可能な知識(情報)である。
The American Society of Clinical Hypnosis (ASCH) has adopted this Code of Ethics in order to ensure the highest quality of patient care through the proper and effective use of clinical hypnosis by its members. By adopting this Code, ASCH strives to establish guidelines and to conduct a continuing program to ensure the ethical use of hypnosis for clinical and research purposes. All members of ASCH, as a condition of membership, subscribe to the Code of Ethics, which is adopted pursuant to ARTICLE XI, Section D (7)(b) and ARTICLE IV, Section E (2)(b) of the Bylaws:
1. Members of ASCH shall observe the professional and ethical standards of their respective clinicalprofessions of medicine, osteopathy, dentistry, psychology, or a field in which psychology has been a major graduate study.
2. A member of ASCH shall not support the practice of hypnosis by lay persons. In particular, a member of ASCH shall not teach hypnotic techniques to lay persons. Lectures informing lay persons about hypnosis are not prohibited so long as such lectures do not include demonstrations or didactic material teaching hypnotic induction.
(a) A "lay person" is an individual who lacks clinical training in a therapeutic or scientific profession recognized by ASCH.
(b) "Clinical" means the ability to diagnose, prescribe and carry out treatment for a medical, dental or psychological disorder.
3. Members of ASCH shall only use hypnosis within their respective areas of professional competence.
4. The primary concern of each member of ASCH shall be the clinical well-being of the patient. To this end, each member of ASCH shall have meaningful professional contact with each patient.
5. In the advertising of services or the dissemination of other information, members shall not overstate their professional credentials or make statements or claims which cannot be substantiated by relevant scientific evidence.
6. No member of ASCH shall use hypnosis for entertainment purposes.
7. Members of ASCH shall work together and with others in relevant fields to continually improve the use of clinical hypnosis.
8. It is recommended that each member of ASCH prepare and distribute to patients a statement of office policies regarding appointments, fees, payment terms, the existence of professional ethical standards, and any other relevant information.
1. Any person, whether or not a member of ASCH, may initiate a charge of ethical violation against a member of ASCH.
2. Any charge must be submitted in writing to the Ethics Committee of ASCH, must specify the time and place of the alleged violation, and must be signed by the complainant.
3. The Ethics Committee shall inform the member in writing of the charges against the member and solicit the member's response to the charges.
4. If, upon receiving the response of the member, the Ethics Committee determines that cause for further inquiry exists, the Ethics Committee shall set a time and place for a hearing and shall notify the member and the complainant, by certified mail, of the time and place.
5. The purpose of the Ethics Committee hearing is to gather all the facts related to the alleged violation. The charged member shall have the privilege of appearing in person or by a representatives or may submit a written defense to the Ethics Committee at least twenty-four (24) hours prior to the time of the hearing. At the hearing, the charged member shall have the right to cross examine the complainant and any witnesses who may appear against the member. The charged member shall also have the right to present witnesses. The complainant shall be able to direct questions to the charged member only through a Committee member. The hearing may be recorded and a transcript of the proceedings, if any, shall be available at cost.
6. No later than thirty (30) days following the hearing, the Ethics Committee shall submit a report of its findings to the Executive Committee and recommend either
(a) dismissal of the charges,The Ethics Committee shall send by certified mail a copy of its report and recommendation to the charged member.
(b) censure or warning,
(c) suspension or
(d) expulsion.
7. If the Ethics Committee finds the member guilty of any of the charges, or recommends censure, warning, suspension or expulsion, the member shall have thirty (30) days from receipt of the Ethics Committee report to submit to the Executive Committee written objections to the findings or recommendation of the Ethics Committee.
8. The Executive Committee shall review the findings and recommendation of the Ethics Committee and any written objections submitted by the member and shall reach a final decision. In accordance with the Bylaws, the Executive Committee may not expel a member without holding a hearing at which the accused may appear and be represented by counsel. The Executive Committee shall also have the right to be represented by counsel at such a hearing. The Executive Committee may expel a member only by a two-thirds majority vote of those voting. The Executive Committee shall notify the member in writing, by certified mail, of its decision.
9. In accordance with the Bylaws, a decision of censure or warning will be a matter of Executive Committee record only. A decision of suspension or expulsion will be reported to the Board of Governors and to the membership of ASCH through the "Corrections to the Directory" section of the Newsletter.
(a) The standards of professional relationships which guide the physician, dentist, psychologist (with doctoral degree), or other defined professional worker, within the appropriate professional or scientific field, shall prevail in his or her use of all hypnotic techniques.
(b) Proper safeguards shall be maintained whenever a patient or subject is exposed to unusual stress or other form of risk. If stress or risk is involved, the person or subject should be informed give consent. Estimation of risk is a difficult matter, and when in doubt the practitioner should consult with professional colleagues.
(a) In view of the dependence of hypnotic practice upon other qualifications the membership requirements of ISH require proper standing in the recognized national organizations, whether clinical or scientific, appropriate to the field of competence not represented by hypnosis. That is, a medical doctor is expected to belong to the appropriate medical association, a dentist to the appropriate dental association, a psychologist to the appropriate psychological associations, and so on.
(b) Item 2a requires acceptance of the ethical and scientific standards of a responsible professional organization. It does not imply endorsement by ISH of the particular policies or practices of any particular organization.
(a) No member of ISH shall offer services for the purposes of public entertainment or collaborate with any person or agency engaged in public entertainment.
(a) A lay person is defined here as one who is not a member in good standing of a therapeutic or scientific profession; that is, he or she is not a physician, dentist, psychologist, or member of another recognized therapeutic or scientific profession with credentials in addition to competence as a hypnotic practitioner.
(b) A member of ISH shall not give courses involving the teaching of hypnotic techniques to lay individuals who lack training in a relevant science or profession. Lectures informing lay individuals about hypnosis are of course admissable providing they do not include demonstrations or didactic material involving inducting of hypnosis.
(c) Exceptions are made to students in training in the appropriate sciences or professions. While ISH explicitly recognizes that hypnosis is not an indepedent science or art, the technique may appropriately be utilized by nurses or paramedical assistants under the immediate and direct supervisionof an individual whose credentials and training would permit membership in ISH and who has an agreed commitment to this Code of Ethics either directly or through a National Constitutent Society. Special arrangements can be made for the training of such nurses or paramedical personnel provided that arrangements have been made for such individuals to work directly under the supervision of an ISH member or the equivalently trained professional as outlined.
(d) Consultations with lay representatives of the press or other media of communication are permitted to minimize distortions or misrepresentations of hypnosis. Talks with lay representatives of the press and radio or TV appearances are welcomed so long as these benefit the Society from wise and informed views on issues in hypnosis.
1. Utilization of hypnosis shall not be contrary to the provisions of any existing law.
2. Hypnosis shall be used only within the limits of the practitioner's training and competence, as provided under Sections B.1, B.2, and B.3 herein.
3. The welfare of the subject shall be the prime consideration at all times.
4. The rights and desires of the subject shall always prevail.
1. Therapy. The Society permits the practice of hypnosis for therapeutic purposes only by those members who are qualified to do so by virtue of their formal education and training and state licensure. However, members of the medical and ancillary healing arts are considered qualified to use hypnosis only within their respective areas of competence. Thus, a dentist may employ hypnosis in connection with dental work, but not in the treatment of neurotic or other ailments.
2. Hypnotechnology. The hypnotechnician is not permitted to employ hypnosis for therapeutic purposes unless he performs specific functions, as a technician, as directed by licensed members of the healing arts. The hypnotechnician's function is technical educational rather than therapeutic.
3. Non-Therapeutic Applications. The hypnotechnician may employ hypnosis for strictly non-therapeutic purposes such as: correction and breaking of minor habits (not neurotic habits); facilitating the learning process; improving memory and concentration; developing social poise and stage presence; improvement in athletics; police work; and other social, educational and cultural endeavors of a strictly non-medical nature.
4. Induction Methods. No harmful induction methods, such as electric shocks and the carotid sinus, shall be employed.
5. Drugs or Placebos shall not be used by the hypnotechnician in the practice of hypnosis.
6. Demonstrations of Hypnosis. Demonstrations shall be conducted in a dignified and professional manner and shall, under no circumstances, include any bizarre or spectacular effects.
a. Fatigue tests, such as extended limb catalepsies, shall be demonstrated only briefly to prevent undue strain. Outside pressure shall not be applied.
b. To eliminate the possibility of resulting harm, full body catalepsy between supports shall not be performed.
c. Demonstrations of analgesia or anesthesia shall be performed in such a manner as to cause no irritation penetration or other damage to any portion of the subject's body, including the application of flame or electric shock.
7. Termination of the Hypnotic State.
a. Prior to terminating the hypnotic state, suggestions of well being shall always be given.
b. When terminating the hypnotic state, no abrupt, sudden or shocking methods shall be used.
c. Suggestions given during the hypnotic session not pertinent or intended for post- hypnotic response shall be removed prior to terminating the hypnotic state.
8. Age Regression and Recall. The Society regards age regression as a tool of the psychotherapist and not the hypnotechnician because of the possibility of arousing traumatic past experiences which the technician is not competent to handle. Therefore
a. Age regression is not to be undertaken by the hypnotechnician, except as outlined in Paragraph b. below. He shall be limited to the production of hypermnesia and recall, during which specific suggestions shall be given to recall only pleasant and satisfying situations.
b. Age regression by a hypnotechnician may be undertaken only at the direction of and in the actual, physical presence of an M.D. psychiatrist or clinical psychologist.
9. Hallucinations.
a. In producing hallucinations, nothing of a frightening, shocking, obscene, sexually suggestive or humiliating nature shall be suggested.
b. No sudden changes of emotions shall be suggested.
10. Post-Hypnotic Suggestions.
a. Post-hypnotic suggestions may be employed to meet the needs of the subject. Suggestions shall be avoided, whether given post-hypnotically or otherwise, which are of a degrading or embarrassing nature.
b. Suggestions intended to block or inhibit the induction of hypnosis by other persons is unethical. It constitutes depriving a subject of his inherent right to determine who shall or shall not serve him.
11. Responsibility of Members. It shall be the responsibility of members of this Society to conduct themselves in a manner which will best advance the interests of ethical hypnosis. Therefore, members
a. shall not disseminate false or exaggerated claims regarding the efficacy of hypnosis;
b. Shall undertake, whenever possible, to inform and educate the public with a true perspective of hypnosis;
c. Shall not become involved, in connection with their activities in hypnosis, with such phenomena as magic, ESP, spiritual healing, age regression (except as specified in Section B, Paragraph 8), prenatal regression, astral projection, psychic photography, witchcraft, "mind control", etc. This Paragraph is not intended to restrict professional people who are academically trained in scientific investigation methods or who work under the direct supervision of such scientists.
12. Non-Academic Titles and Degrees.
a. The use or granting of non-academic titles and degrees is unethical and shall be considered cause for expulsion. Recognized degrees are those which are awarded by academic institutions of higher learning or those in process of being accredited.
b. The following academic degrees may be used in connection with the practice of hypnosis: Doctoral degrees in the healing arts, sociology, counseling and education; Masters degrees in psychology, sociology, counseling and education.
c. Degrees and titles not in the above categories may not be used, specifically or by implication, in connection with the practice in hypnosis, to avoid misleading a naive prospective client who might presume the degree pertains to the healing arts, unless the area of the degree is clearly specified in parentheses in close conjunction with the degree initials (i.e., John Jones, Ph. D. (Music).
13. Advertising.
A. Definitions:
Advertising means the calling to the attention of the public the service one has to offer.
Solicitation means enticing or alluring the public to purchase one's services under the promise of some special advantage.
a. Advertising is permitted as follows:
(1) SIGNS- It is permissible to have a sign on the office door, on the side of the office building, in the office lobby, or at the entrance to the driveway or walkway of a building which is set back from the street. Letters on such signs should not be more than three inches (3") wide or high. Illumination of signs in permitted by non-intermittent light sources only.
(2) NOTICES- Notices of the following events may be mailed:
(a) Opening of a practice.
(b) Change of address or telephone.
(c) Addition of members to a practice.
(d) Other similar announcements.
(3) DIRECTORY LISTING or NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING
A member may list or advertise in a directory or other publication but such advertising shall be limited to the following:
(a) Name and/or trade name.
(b) Address.
(c) Telephone number(s).
(d) Specialities.
(e) Membership in professional organizations.
(f) Certifications.
(g) Office hours.
(h) Fees.
(i) Courses taught or special training available.
(4) RADIO, TELEVISION, MAGAZINES, OR NEWSPAPERS
A member may be interviewed, be a guest or a regular participant, or write any article or column for publication subject to the provisions of these regulations and all other articles of the Code of Ethics.
(b) SOLICITATION: Solicitation is prohibited. Statements or publications meeting any of the following criteria shall be defined as solicitation.
(1) Statements containing any misrepresentation of facts.
(2) Statements likely to mislead or deceive because the statement makes only partial disclosure of relevant facts.
(3) Statements containing a client's laudatory statements about the member or his/her office or practice.
(4) Statements intended, or likely to create, false or unjustified expectations of favorable results.
14. Education.
a. Schools of instruction shall provide a full curriculum consisting of the following:
(1) Theory, practice and applications of hypnosis;b. Curricula shall be approved and schools shall be granted official approval by ISPH in accordance with the above and with the requirements of the ISPH School Approval program.
(2) Complete instruction and supervised practice in methodology;
(3) A realistic appraisal of the possibilities and the limitations of hypnosis;
(4) An elementary knowledge of normal and abnormal psychology.
(5) Statements implying unusual professional ability,
(6) Statements containing representations that, in reasonable probability, can be expected to cause an ordinary, prudent person to misunderstand or be deceived.
It is expected that members conduct all advertising in a professional manner that will reflect favorably on their ethics and on the I.S.P.H. These regulations are intended as guides to achieve this goal. In particular, members are cautioned that they may not present any deceptive information and that they must avoid showmanship, puffery, self-laudation or hucksterism in the advertising.
We believe these regulations will enable members to professionally and effectively call to the attention of the public the services they have to offer and that they are not so restrictive as to infringe on the Constitutional right of freedom of speech.
c. Individual instructors of ISPH Approved Schools must be Certified Members in good standing of ISPH.
1. Medical Hypnotists.
a. Psychiatrists - doctors of medicine (M.D.) specializing in psychiatry, who are further qualified to use hypnosis in conjunction with their specialty;2. Hypnodentists - qualified dentists (D.D.S.) who use hypnosis in direct relation to dentistry.
b. Other Qualified Physicians - who use hypnosis in conjunction with their specialty.
3. Practitioners of Allied Healing Arts, e.g.,optometrists, osteopaths, chiropractors, nurses, chiropodists, physical therapists, etc., who use hypnosis as applicable in their own respective fields, where such specialties are licensed in the states in which they practice.
4. Psychologists
a. Clinical psychologists - qualified psychologists holding Ph.D., M.A., or equivalent degrees, who use hypnosis in conjunction with their practice of psycho-therapy.
b. Experimental psychologists - who use hypnosis in research or experimentation but not in therapy unless they also qualify as clinicians.
5. Psychiatric Social Workers - qualified workers in this field who, because of their background and training, can use hypnosis in direct relation to their work.
6. Hypnotechnicians.
a. Hypnotechnicians - Those practicing hypnosis for the attainment of social, educational and cultural aims (strictly non-therapeutic).
b. Hypnosis Consultants - Expert hypnotists with advanced training who work under strict supervision of qualified and duly licensed practitioners of the healing arts. Examples of such ethical applications are: childbirth conditioning, conditioning for dental work, diet control, habit correction, simple symptom removal under medical supervision, etc.
c. Educators
(1) Instructors in hypnosis.
(2) Instructors in self-hypnosis.
(3) Writers on hypnosis.
(a) advertise hypnosis as a solution to problems requiring medical referrals;
(c) solicit clientele from members of the healing arts;
(d) solicit medical or dental referrals by mailing lists or any other paid advertising method used to contact the public or the professions;
(e) advertise his services under the name of "clinic", "sanitarium", "hospital" or any other category of similar medical or psychological connotation.***ALL TECHNICIANS, CONSULTANTS AND EDUCATORS ENGAGED IN A PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE USING OTHER THAN THEIR OWN PERSONAL NAME SHALL HAVE SUCH NAME APPROVED BY THE ISPH BOARD OF ETHICS AND STANDARDS. (***Applicable to hypnotechnicians [Section C, Paragraphs 6a, b & c] only.)
(a) CERTIFIED MEMBERS ONLY:"Certified Hypnotechnician, ISPH"; "Member, International Society for Professional Hypnosis, Certified"; "Certified Hypnosis Consultant, ISPH"; "ISPH Member Certified".
(b) PROFESSIONAL MEMBERS ONLY: "Hypnotechnician, ISPH"; "Member, International Society for Professional Hynosis"; Hypnosis Consultant, ISPH".
(c) ASSOCIATE MEMBERS: "Associate member, ISPH"; "Associate Member, International Society for Professional Hypnosis".
(1) Where under any enactment an authority in any area have power to grant licences for the regulation of places kept or ordinarily used for public dancing, singing, music or other public entertainment of the like kind, any power conferred by any enactment to attach conditions to any such licence shall include power to attach conditions regulating or prohibiting the giving of an exhibition, demonstration or performance of hypnotism on any person at the place to which the licence is granted.
(2) In the application of this section to Scotland, for the reference to places kept or ordinarily used for public dancing, singing, music or other public entertainment of the like kind there shall be substituted a reference to theatres or other places of public amusement or public entertainment.
(1) No person shall give an exhibition, demonstration or performance of hypnotism on any living person at or in connection with an entertainment to which the public are admitted, whether on payment or otherwise, at any place in relation to which such a licence as is mentioned in section one of this Act is not in force unless the controlling authority have authorised that exhibition, demonstration or performance.
[(1A) The foregoing subsection shall not apply to an exhibition, demonstration or performance of hypnotism that takes place in the course of a performance or play (within the meaning of the Theatres Act 1968) given either at premises in respect of which a licence under that Act is in force or under the authority of any such letters patent as are mentioned in section 17(1) of that Act.]
(2) Any authorisation under this section may be made subject to any conditions.
(3) If a person gives any exhibition, demonstration or performance of hypnotism in contravention of this section, or in contravention of any conditions attached to an authorisation under this section, he shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding [level 3 on the standard scale].
[(4) In this section, the expression "controlling authority" in relation to a place in any area means the authority having power to grant licences of the kind mentioned in section 1 above in that area.]
[2A Fee
The person making an application to a controlling authority, being the council of a London borough, for an authorisation under section 2 of this Act shall on making the application pay to the council such reasonable fee as the council may determine.]
A person who gives an exhibition, demonstration or performance of hypnotism on a person who has not attained the ages of [eighteen years] at or in connection with an entertainment to which the public are admitted, whether on payment or otherwise, shall, unless he had reasonable cause to believe that that person had attained that age, be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding [level 3 on the standard scale].
Any police constable may enter any premises where any entertainment is held if he has reasonable cause to believe that any act is being or may be done in contravention of this Act.
Nothing in this Act shall prevent the exhibition, demonstration or performance of hypnotism (otherwise than at or in connection with an entertainment) for scientific or research purposes or for the treatment of mental or physical disease.6 Interpretation
In this Act, except where the context otherwise requires it, the following expression shall have the meaning hereby assigned to it, that is to say:-
"hypnotism" includes hypnotism, mesmerism and any similar act or process which produces or is intended to produce in any person any form of induced sleep or trance in which the susceptibility of the mind of that person to suggestion or direction is increased or intended to be increased but does not include hypnotism, mesmerism or any similar act or process which is self-induced.
(1) This Act may be cited as the Hypnotism Act 1952.
(2) This Act shall not extend to Northern Ireland.
(3) This Act shall come into force on the first day of April, nineteen hundred and fifty-three.
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